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There are two main hypotheses as to the origins of the Etruscan civilization in the Early Iron Age: autochthonous development ''in situ'' out of the Villanovan culture, or colonization of Italy from the Near East. An autochthonous population that diverged genetically was suggested as a possibility by Cavalli-Sforza.〔Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., P. Menozzi, A. Piazza. 1994. ''The History and Geography of Human Genes.'' Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02905-9〕 Helmut Rix's classification of the Etruscan language in a proposed Tyrsenian language family reflects this ambiguity. He finds Etruscan on one hand genetically related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, suggesting autochthonous connections, but on the other hand the Lemnian language found on the "Lemnos stele" is closely related to Etruscan, entailing either Etruscan presence in "Tyrsenian" Lemnos, or "Tyrsenian" expansion westward to Etruria.〔Rix 1998. ''Rätisch und Etruskisch'' (Innsbruck).〕 In particular the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. The Etruscan language was of a different family from that of neighbouring Italic and Celtic peoples, who spoke Indo-European languages. The latest mtDNA study (2013) suggests that the Etruscans appear to fall very close to a Neolithic population from Central Europe and to other Tuscan populations.〔http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0055519〕 This coincides with the Raetic language which was spoken north of the Alps in the area of the Urnfield culture of Central Europe. The Villanovan culture branched from the Urnfield culture around 1100 BC and thus Villanovan culture as ancestral to the Etruscan civilization. ==Autochthonous origin (indigenous)== Dionysius of Halicarnassus asserted:〔Book I, Section 30.〕 With this passage Dionysius launched the autochthonous theory, that the core element of the Etruscans, who spoke the Etruscan language, were of "Terra (Earth) itself"; that is, on location for so long that they appeared to be the original or native inhabitants. They are therefore the owners of the Villanovan culture.〔Page 52. Pallottino attributes this theory in modern times to the historian, Eduard Meyer, with Ugo Antonielli later associating the Villanovan and the natives. But Mayer soon adopted the oriental theory and Antonielli the northern. Drews in ''The End of the Bronze Age'', page 59, available as a preview on Google Books at (), reports on Meyer and the views of Antonielli are stated in a review by R. A. L. Fell of ''Studi Etruschi''. Vol. I. Rassegna di Etruscologia by A. Neppi Modona, the first page of which is found at ().〕 Picking up this theme, Bonfante (2002) states:〔Page 3.〕 An additional elaboration conjectures that the Etruscans were〔Pallottino, page 52, who says that he relies on Alfredo Trombetti and Giacomo Devoto.〕 In 1942 the Italian historian Massimo Pallottino published a book entitled ''The Etruscans'' (which would be released in English in 1955). Pallottino presented various hypotheses which gained wide acceptance in the archeological community. He said "no one would dream of asking where Italians or Frenchmen came from originally; it is the formation of the Italian and French nations that we study." He meant that the formation process for Etruscan civilization took place in the Etruria or nearby. Formulating a different point of view on the same evidence, Pallottino says: J. P. Mallory compares the Etruscans to other remnant non Indo-European central Mediterranean populations, such as the Basques of the Iberian Peninsula and southern France, who absorbed the art styles and alphabet of their Greek neighbors.〔Mallory (1989). ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth''. London: Thames & Hudson.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Etruscan origins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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